Broadband & FTTP for geeks

The website THINKBROADBAND.COM is a useful resource for information on UK internet service providers (ISP)

How broadband works
A guide to the various technologies employed to deliver internet service to UK consumers

Fibre – FTTC/FTTH
A useful guide to terms, technologies and speeds

Map
https://labs.thinkbroadband.com/local/index.php

Map from thinkbroadband.com
A very useful map showing internet availability across the UK.

Broadband checker from OpenReach
https://www.broadbandchecker.btwholesale.com/

ISPs’ Routers suck

Many Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide a router that underperforms. There are exceptions, of course, but generally, the router that comes with the broadband service you buy is poor and does not do the job it’s supposed to do.

A ‘router’ has several jobs to do.  It’s a modem, router, firewall, ethernet switch and wireless access point (WiFi) and often it does one or more of these tasks quite well but is too often poor at doing them all.

  • A modem has to MOdulate and DEModulate (mo-dem) the radio-frequency electrical signals on the broadband line or the wireless of a mobile phone signal.  The modem converts these to digital signals.  There are different types of modems depending on the broadband service you are buying.  These include cable, ADSL, VDSL, fibre, 4G-LTE and 5G to name but a few.  The modem must match the service provided by your ISP.  Most of the functions of a modem are done by specialised computer chips.
  • A router and firewall does some technical things with IP protocols including sending data between your home network and the internet.  It might prioritise different protocols and the firewall function determines whether data should flow between the untrusted (outside) network and the trusted (inside) network, according to some firewall rules.  The router and firewall functions are largely performed by software.
  • An ethernet switch connected different ethernet networks together.  If the router provided by your ISP has several ethernet ports then these are probably connected to an ethernet switch within the router.  This switch is made using specialised computer hardware.
  • A wireless access point provides the link between a wired network (ethernet) and a wireless network or WiFi.  WiFi allows portable devices to connect to the router without having to trail ethernet cables all over the house.  Again this is a function performed by specialised hardware.

ISPs want to provide consumers with a router that is inexpensive, easy to deliver, configure and simple to use. Keeping the cost of the hardware low has meant the ISP supplied router often performs badly.  

There have been some technological changes with which ISPs are trying to keep up.  Hence the router being provided to new consumers is often more functional than the router being used by customers who have been using the ISP for years.  The BT website lists multiple versions of the BT Smart Hub or Home Hub.  ISPs are reluctant to replace older hardware for consumers unless necessary. 

The technology changes include:

  • WiFi – the introduction of newer, faster WiFi standards. The earlier standard WiFi-4 is known as 802.11a/n.  A newer standard 802.11ac (known as WiFi-5) was approved in 2013. Since then (in 2019) 802.11ax (known as WiFi-6) has been approved. Each generation offers improvements (faster) for devices that support the newer standards.
  • Mesh WiFi devices have become available.  These offload the WiFi function of the router to several pieces of specialised hardware and interconnects that hardware (in a mesh) so that you might have two, three or even more WiFi access points throughout your home. 
  • Ethernet – older routers support ethernet running at 10/100 Mbits/s.  Newer devices support gigabit ethernet.  
  • Broadband and cable speeds increased from ADSL’s 10 Mbps, via superfast VDSL fibre to the cabinet (FTTC at ~50Mbps), to fibre-optic cable to the home (FTTH/FTTP) which bought ultrafast gigabit speeds. 
  • The router and firewall functions needed to grow and get faster as the traffic through them got faster.  Gigabit (1000Mbps) is a whole lot faster (100 times) than 10Mbps.  The CPU and memory on the router needed to be bigger, faster and better to cope with the demand.
  • The number of devices attached to the router in the home (via WiFi or ethernet) increased as we began to have more phones, tablets, PCs, printers, TVs and other devices connected.  
  • Working from home (WFH) and home schooling has meant these are actually in regular use for more hours in the day. A few years ago a router might have only a small handful of devices connected.  Today this is likely to be 20 or more.  This significantly increases the work the router needs to do.
  • Gaming brings the need for low-latency to reduce the lag-time in the game.  Very often gaming is an application that suffers most from underperforming routers.
  • Video streaming and download applications such as Netflix, Youtube, iPlayer have significantly increased the amount of data passing through the router.  The demand for HD or 4K video is increasing. 
  • Newer and faster routers were needed to interface to the faster broadband, cable and fibre services being brought to the home by the ISPs.

What to do if you feel your router is old and not coping?  

  • Try to identify the problem.  What are the symptoms and when do they happen?
  • Ensure you are getting what you are paying for.  Is your internet service providing the speed (using www.speedtest.net) and reliability the ISP advertises?
    This link’s test may be useful http://www.dslreports.com/speedtest?httpsok=0 
  • Do your neighbours with the same ISP have similar issues?
  • Is the problem due to WiFi in your home?  Is your router in the best location in the home? Try working with your PC connected to the router via ethernet – do you still have problems when WiFi is not being used?
  • Contact your ISP (particularly if the issue seems to be with slow broadband) and report the problems you are having and ask for the latest router to be provided.
  • Ask an IT professional for advice – he/she should be able to identify the issues and recommend which of the many options available to you to replace or enhance the router your ISP provides. You might consider more than one option to address the issues.  For example, to use the ISP’s router in modem-only mode, install a separate router/firewall and a mesh WiFi system.
  • Buying and installing a new router is a task to be undertaken by someone with a good knowledge of the issues and products on the market.

INCREASE BROADBAND SPEED Tips and Guides

http://www.dslreports.com/speedtest?httpsok=0

WiFi Bandwidth comparison – 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz signal

FrequencyTheoretical SpeedReal-World Speed
2.4 GHz (802.11b)11 Mbps2 – 3 Mbps
2.4 GHz (802.11g)54 Mbps10 – 29 Mbps
2.4 GHz (802.11n)300 Mbps150 Mbps
5 GHz (802.11a)6 – 54 Mbps3 – 32 Mbps
5 GHz (802.11ac)433 – 1700 Mbps210 – 1000 Mbps
5 GHz (802.11n)900 Mbps450Mbps

WiFi Range comparison – 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz signal

FrequencyTheoretical DistanceReal World Distance
2.4 GHz (802.11b)460 ft230 ft
2.4 GHz (802.11g)125 ft62 ft
2.4 GHz (802.11n)820 ft410 ft
5 GHz (802.11a)390 ft195 ft
5 GHz (802.11ac)up to 820 ft (amplified)up to 410 ft (amplified)
5 GHz (802.11n)460 ft230 ft

Broadband Speed Needed for Streaming Services

A good broadband speed for streaming is at least 1.5 megabits per second (Mbps) for TV services such as BBC iPlayer for standard streaming, or 2.8Mbps for HD quality. For Netflix, the minimum speed required is about 3Mbps for standard streaming and 5Mbps for HD. If it’s Ultra HD you’re after, you typically need at least 15Mbps for YouTube, while it’s 25Mbps for Netflix or Amazon Prime Video, if you want to avoid buffering.

ServiceNeeded for non HDHDFull HD/4K
BBC iPlayer, etc1.5 Mbps2.8 MbpsNot available
Netflix3 Mbps5 Mbps25 Mbps
Amazon Prime Video0.9 Mbps3.5 Mbps25 Mbps
YouTube2.5 Mbps4 Mbps15 Mbps

Broadband Speed Needed for Video Calling

Video calling (Zoom, MS-Teams, etc) has doubled during the coronavirus pandemic, with 71% of adult internet users making video calls at least once a week and four in 10 of us making video calls daily. Skype, Zoom and FaceTime are some of the most popular video-calling services. If you use one of these, you need to be aware of both your download and upload speeds. This is because your connection will be receiving and sending data at the same time. Below are the minimum download and upload speeds you’ll need:

TypeRecommended download/upload speed
Skype (HD 1-1 video call)1.2 Mbps
Zoom HD group video callDownload 2.5 Mbps
Upload    3.0 Mbps

Broadband Speed Needed for Gaming

ServiceMinimum Download SpeedRecommended Download Speed
Xbox Game Pass Cloud Gaming10MbpsN/A
PlayStation Remote Play15 MbpsN/A
Google Stadia10 Mbps35 Mbps
Shadow5 Mbps25 Mbps
Nvidia GeForce NOW 15 Mbps25 Mbps

Number of subscribers

BT (PlusNet, EE) 9,300,000
Sky Broadband 6,200,000
Virgin Media 5,365,400
TalkTalk(on-net) 4,220,000
Vodafone UK 838,000
Glide 400,000
Post Office 400,000
Zen Internet 150,000
Ask4 130,000
KCOM 126,900

INCREASE BROADBAND SPEED Tips and Guides

Speed Tests.

https://speedtest.net

https://speedof.me/

https://testmy.net/

https://speedtest.xfinity.com/

http://internethealthtest.org/ 

https://fast.com

http://www.dslreports.com/speedtest?httpsok=0


Remember

  • Many ISPs (Sky, BT, EE, PlusNet, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Zen) use the BT/Openreach network to deliver broadband services. You might change providers within this group but you’ll be using the same physical infrastructure. after any change of ISP. Changing ISPs within this group will only change the company to whom you pay the monthly bill and from whom you get customer service and technical support.
  • If your ISP is an AltNet provider (usually of FTTP services) then you’ll probably need to work with your altnet ISP.
    AltNets include B4RN, Cityfibre, Gigaclear, Hyperoptic, CommunityFibre, G.Network, toob and many more.
  • If your ISP is Virgin Media then VM is the only provider of your cable service and you’ll need to rely on VM to resolve any issues. 

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=am7xT-zU1Q0

Don’t use your ISP’s Email Address

Many Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide you with an email address. It’s usually how you log into their website to access your account information, pay bills online, etc, so it makes sense that they do this. 

I offer the following advice:

Don’t use your ISP’s email address as your primary email address. 

Switching ISPs

I hear you asking “Why not?” There are several reasons:-
 
You may need to change ISPs at some point in the future. If you switch ISPs, what happens to your old ISP email account when you stop paying the ISP for your internet service?  Some ISPs might let you keep it, but it’s not in their best interest to provide that email service when you’re no longer paying them every month.

ISPs are getting out of the email business

Sometimes ISPs close, go out of business, or are acquired by another ISP.  Tiscali was taken over and was asking users to pay to keep their email open. 
Click hereOr here.  Or here.

Some ISPs (VM, Sky) are no longer providing email addresses for new customers. It doesn’t seem they have a long-term commitment to provide email services. I understand that one ISP is proposing to close its email service whilst continuing as an ISP.
Click Here


Changing email providers

As anyone who has done it can attest, it’s not easy to change your email address.  Think of the hundreds of friends, family, websites, retailers, etc. that use your email address to communicate with you. Do you really remember every important website or service with which you registered your email address?  They probably include your bank, utilities, social networks, shopping websites like Amazon, entertainment services like iTunes, iPlayer and Netflix, your school, your employer, various reward/loyalty clubs for stores, ticketing websites, and the list continues. If you switch ISPs, you’ve got to log in to each account and update your email address. What a pain!
The email address change process will also take a long time.


Feature Limitations

An ISP’s email service cannot match the feature set of top email services like Gmail or Outlook. There are advantages and disadvantages to using any email provider – let us look at some issues:

Email Integrity

Are the contents of the email you send or receive secure from prying eyes? Be aware that email is generally considered to be quite insecure.

Consider this scenario: You email some sensitive data to several people. Where does this data reside now? On your email provider’s servers and on the servers of the several recipients’ email providers. And you have no way to manage where that data is or who has access, and you have no way to remove it. There are new email services that encrypt the data – these are much more secure.

IMAP vs POP3

Email services from many ISPs only support the POP3 standard instead of the IMAP standard. IMAP allows you to sync your email across multiple devices, such as your smartphone, desktop PC, laptop, tablet, etc. Any change you make on one device, such as deleting a message, will be reflected on all of the other devices. It also supports most email functions, like moving messages into folders.

POP3 is more limited; it simply downloads a copy of an email when you open it on a device and either delete it from the server (so it is only accessible on the device you first viewed it on) or leaves a copy on the server (so when you delete it from the device you viewed it on, it will actually still be on the server and all of your other devices). POP3 is not a secure protocol.

Additional Features and Services

Does your ISP’s email service offer automatic message labelling/sorting, lightning-fast search and filtering, or value-adds like cloud storage, a calendar, or a task list? Does your provider do a good job at identifying and sorting spam emails? Look for an email provider that offers you features you can use to your advantage.  

Past Performance

Yahoo’s services had multiple security breaches a few years ago, affecting millions of users. This makes me very unsure about using it as my primary email account.  Other email providers have experienced various issues.  See here
Virgin Media users suffered several multi-day email outages in 2023-25
see here and here

A user’s experience with Virgin Media (2024)

Yesterday I got a spam email; it went to all my contacts. Then my emails were blocked. Today, I phoned Virgin Media; 3 hours on the phone – I kept getting transferred to different people.
Now, I’ve got a new email address and I have had to notify all my contacts – it’s taken 9 hours today. Absolute nightmare. My old one was with NTL, the old Virgin Media one, I’d had it for years. I think they are discontinuing it. Been very stressful

Advertising

Some email providers rely on advertising for revenue and interrupt your email experience with unwanted advertising.  All free email service providers are using you as their source of revenue, usually so they can advertise to you.  The better email providers do not put advertising into their web-based email solutions or their email applications.


Better Email Solutions

What’s the alternative? The alternative is to use a free email service like Gmail, or Outlook. There are alternatives, but both Gmail and Outlook continue to add features that make managing email easier and faster.   These email services also come with secure online storage for files – Google Drive and Microsoft OneDrive. Both offer online word-processing and spreadsheet applications (Google Docs, Microsoft Office365) that provide office application functionality, with co-authoring and file-sharing capabilities.

Be aware that free email services usually don’t offer any customer service. This means if you have a problem, you’ll get little help from the email provider. However, these providers have hundreds of millions of customers and there is plenty of advice and guidance available online.

Gmail

The obvious next question is what email address should you use? Gmail has the advantage of being a familiar name, being free, and offering lots of storage for attachments. But it’s also hard to get the email address you want, and you do sign away significant chunks of your privacy.

Outlook

If you can cope with an Outlook.com address then this would be my preference, although the same caveats about privacy apply. Outlook offers all the benefits of Gmail. Microsoft’s Hotmail email service has been incorporated into Outlook.

Users of Apple products may wish to remain faithful to Apple and use iCloud

Email Security

Email is not at all secure. Email can be made more secure by encrypting the content, but this is complex and not for the average user.  If you want a secure email service, there are a few providers of email services with enhanced security, notably Proton Mail.

Email applications

There are plenty of email applications for Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, and iPhone. These offer plenty of features and are often more feature-rich than the standard web-based application. Use an email application (such as Outlook, Thunderbird, etc.) by all means if they offer you what you want.

Email service providers to avoid

Avoid any email provider whose primary activity is being an ISP, eg:- ntlworld, virginmedia, btinternet, talk21, talktalk, sky, vodafone, tiscali, ee, o2, plusnet. 

Most popular email services

  • Gmail – 1,500 million users – 36%
  • iCloud – 850 million users – 18%
  • Outlook – 400 million users – 9%
  • Yahoo – 230 million users – 4%

Multi-Factor Authentication

What is MFA?  Two-factor authentication (2FA) or Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) is a way of strengthening the login security of your online accounts. It’s similar to how an ATM works. You need both your debit card (first factor) and your PIN (second factor) to access your account and withdraw cash. The main objective is better security. If your card is stolen, they still need your PIN. If your PIN is stolen, they still need your card.  Enabling MFA will help to stop hackers from getting into your accounts, even if they have your password. If you are using an email service that does not offer MFA, please consider switching to an email provider that does. And make use of MFA.

How do I enable MFA on my accounts?  Here are links you can use to enable MFA on some of the most popular online services and apps:

An independent review of free email services can be found here – Jan 2023


For more of the government’s latest advice on how to stay secure online, visit the Cyber Aware website: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/cyberaware

End-to-End Encryption of email

The email system was not designed to be secure.  Although some email providers use encrypted transport, email content is stored unencrypted. There are ways to encrypt the email content. There are also a few providers making secure email available to all by using end-to-end encryption.  It should be noted that when the email is sent to an email provider that does not use end-to-end encryption, then the secure nature of the email will be lost.
If the security of the content of your email is key to you, then you may wish to use one of these providers.  Proton Mail is just one example of a secure email provider. A list of secure email providers is available here


Passwords

Most important of all, your password is key to the security of your email.
– Change your passwords regularly
– Use MFA if it’s available
– Be sure your password is complex and not easy to guess
– Be sure you can remember your passwords
– Consider using a password manager
– Don’t use the same password for everything


Summary

I recommend not using email addresses provided by ISPs but using the email services provided by Microsoft, Google, or Apple. However, if you can’t stand the thought of not using your old and familiar ISP’s email service, then relegate it to the purpose of signing up for services and websites that you think might send a lot of spam. Then, if and when you decide the website or service is OK, you can update your account with your primary email address.

By all means, use more than one email address; in practice, it’s a good idea to have several email addresses.  You can set up your email application and your web-based email reader (Gmail or Outlook) to read the emails of several addresses.

You may want to use one email address for higher security use (eg: online banking); another for online retail (eg: Amazon, eBay), and yet another for social media use, etc.


Read about a survey which claims that fear of Email Loss stops 2 Million UK Homes Switching ISP